Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have multipotent differentiation and a self-renewal ability. They have been useful not only for dental diseases, but also for systemic diseases. Extensive studies have suggested that DPSCs are effective for various diseases, such as spinal cord injuries, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral ischemia, myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, diabetes, liver diseases, eye diseases, immune diseases, and oral diseases. DPSCs have the potential for use in a cell-therapeutic paradigm shift to treat these diseases. It has also been reported that DPSCs have higher regenerative potential than the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells known as representative MSCs. Therefore, DPSCs have recently gathered much attention. In this review, the therapeutic potential of DPSCs, the latest progress in the pre-clinical study for treatment of these various systemic diseases, and the clinical applications of DPSCs in regenerative medicine, are all summarized. Although challenges, including mechanisms of the effects and establishment of cell processing and transplantation methods for clinical use, still remain, DPSCs could be promising stem cells sources for various clinical applications, because of their easy isolation by a noninvasive procedure without ethical concerns.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells characterized by self-renewal and multilineage differentiation
T helper 17 cells compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), and SHED transplantation was capable of effectively reversing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-associated disorders in SLE-like mice [61]
There are many kinds of stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and induced pluripotent stem cells are thought to be emerging tools in regenerative medicine, but there are a lot of problems, including ethical and safety concerns, that should be overcome before clinical use
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells characterized by self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. The bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are the most widely studied and utilized in clinical settings [1,2,3]. Stem cells can be isolated from various tissues, including oral parts such as alveolar bone, dental pulp, periodontal ligament, dental follicle, apical papilla, oral mucosa, and gingiva [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] These dental stem cells are thought to originate from the cranial neural crest and are referred to as mesenchymal stem cells [16]. SHED display an MSC-like character, including the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage Because of their easy accessibility, isolation by noninvasive routine clinical procedures, very limited differentiation. DPSCs have been widely studied because they have been reported to be useful not for dental diseases and for various systemic diseases (Figure 2). DPSCderived2.differentiated is beneficial for oral diseases, Transplantation and for systemic diseases as derived differentiated cells is beneficial only for oral diseases, butdisorders, for systemic neurological disease, circulatory disease,not internal disease, orthopedic and eyediseases disease.such as neurological disease, circulatory disease, internal disease, orthopedic disorders, and eye disease
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