Abstract
IntroductionIn the past decade, direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have been introduced to medical practice for several indications, with a wide range of dosing regimens. As both over- and under-dosing might lead to life-threatening events, development of methods promoting safe and effective utilization of these agents is imperative. The Hadassah Clinical Pharmacy team initiated a hospital-wide program, for monitoring and promoting safe and effective prescription of DOAC during hospitalization. This study describes the types of drug related problems addressed and the program’s performance in terms of consultation rates and physician acceptance.MethodsElectronic medical records throughout the hospital were screened for DOAC orders. All DOAC orders were assessed by a clinical pharmacist for potentially-inappropriate prescribing. When potentially-inappropriate prescribing or a drug-related problem was identified, the clinical pharmacist provided consultation on management options. In specific cases, additional guidance was provided by coagulation and pharmacology specialists. Data on patient characteristics, clinical pharmacist consultations, and physician response was retrospectively retrieved for the first six months of 2017. Characteristics of patients with and without consultations were compared, consultations were categorized by the recommended management of the drug related problem, and physician acceptance rates were evaluated by category.ResultsDuring the evaluated period, 585 patients with DOAC orders were identified. Patients were evenly distributed by gender, and age averaged 78 years. Most patients received apixaban (75%) followed by rivaroxaban (14%) and dabigatran (11%), and most (63%) received “reduced dose” regimens. Clinical pharmacists provided 258 consultations for 210 patients, regarding anticoagulation management, such that more than one in three patients on DOAC had potentially inappropriate prescribing or drug related problems. Consultations included alerts regarding potentially inappropriate DOAC doses and recommendations to increase (29%) or decrease (5%) the dose, potentially inappropriate concomitant antiplatelet agents (20%), need for DOAC level monitoring (23%), and alerts regarding other drug related problems (23%). More than 70% of recommendations were accepted by the attending physician.ConclusionDue to the complexity of DOAC management, potentially-inappropriate prescribing and drug related problems are common. Multidisciplinary collaborative projects including review and consultation by clinical pharmacists are an effective method of improving management of patients on DOAC.Trial registrationRetrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03527615.
Highlights
In the past decade, direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have been introduced to medical practice for several indications, with a wide range of dosing regimens
Multidisciplinary collaborative projects including review and consultation by clinical pharmacists are an effective method of improving management of patients on DOAC
During the 6-month study period, clinical pharmacists provided a total of 258 alerts and consultations regarding anticoagulation management, for 210 patients (36% of all patients reviewed)
Summary
Direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have been introduced to medical practice for several indications, with a wide range of dosing regimens. As both over- and under-dosing might lead to life-threatening events, development of methods promoting safe and effective utilization of these agents is imperative. The introduction of direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC) into clinical practice over the past decade has dramatically changed the field of stroke and thrombosis prevention and treatment. These medications include the direct thrombin-inhibitor dabigatran, and the direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, and betrixaban. DOAC have far been formally evaluated and approved for: (1) treatment and prevention of stroke and thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation, (2) treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), and (3) prevention of DVT/PE following total knee replacement (TKR) or total hip replacement (THR)
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