Clinical, Pathologic, and Molecular Characterization of Acanthosis Nigricans Maligna: A Comprehensive Analysis of a Dermatologic Entity and its Association with Underlying Neoplastic Conditions

Abstract

Acanthosis nigricans maligna (ANM) is a distinctive dermatologic entity presenting with cutaneous hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening, characteristically located in flexural areas and skin folds. Despite its apparent cutaneous nature, ANM is frequently associated with underlying neoplastic conditions, implying profound clinical significance. In this study, we undertook a comprehensive evaluation of ANM from clinical, pathological and molecular perspectives with the aim of elucidating its etiopathogenic mechanisms and its relationship with neoplastic processes. From a clinical standpoint, we retrospectively analyzed a cohort of patients diagnosed with ANM, exploring the clinical and epidemiologic features that could indicate the presence of an underlying malignant condition. In addition, histopathologic studies were performed on samples of affected skin to discern the microscopic alterations associated with ANM and their correlates with neoplastic processes. In a molecular phase, an in-depth analysis of genetic and molecular markers in skin samples and associated tumor tissues was carried out using advanced sequencing techniques. This allowed the identification of specific mutations, chromosomal alterations and gene expression profiles that could contribute to both the occurrence of ANM and the promotion of the microenvironment conducive to tumor development. The results obtained indicate a significant correlation between the presence of ANM and the abnormal activation of cell signaling pathways, as well as the altered expression of regulatory factors of cell growth and differentiation. Our study highlights the importance of considering ANM as a potential cutaneous marker of underlying neoplastic processes and suggests that its early detection could facilitate the early identification of early stage malignant conditions. Taken together, this comprehensive analysis provides an in-depth view of ANM and its clinical, pathological and molecular relevance in the context of neoplastic diseases.