Clinical outcomes of children with COVID-19 and appendicitis: a propensity score matched analysis.

Abstract

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, many children with appendicitis and COVID-19 were initially treated non-operatively and later underwent interval appendectomy. Currently, children with both appendicitis and COVID-19 frequently undergo upfront appendectomy. The impact of this return to upfront surgical management on patient outcomes is unknown. This study compared outcomes of pediatric patients with and without COVID-19 infection undergoing appendectomy. A retrospective cohort study of children < 21y who underwent appendectomy from 3/19/2020 to 7/31/2022 at 50 Pediatric Health Information System children's hospitals was conducted. Children with documented COVID-19 were identified. Exclusions included preoperative ventilator or supplemental oxygen dependence, and missing data. To evaluate COVID-19 positive versus COVID-19 negative patients, we used a propensity score matched on sociodemographics, comorbidities, laparoscopy, perforation, and hospital. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests identified differences between groups in length of stay, postoperative drain placement, 30-day re-admission, and mechanical ventilation requirements. Overall, 51,861 children of median age 11y (IQR: 8-14) underwent appendectomy, of whom 1,440 (2.3%) had COVID-19. Most were male (60.3%), White (72.1%) and non-Hispanic (61.4%). Public insurance was the most common (47.5%). We created a matched cohort of 1,360 COVID-19 positive and 1,360 COVID-19 negative children. Children with COVID-19 had shorter hospitalizations (1d, IQR: 1-4 vs. 2d, IQR: 1-5, p = 0.03), less postoperative peritoneal drain placement (2.4% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.01), and fewer 30-day readmissions (9.0% vs. 11.4%, p = 0.04). However, no difference in incidence or duration of mechanical ventilation (p > 0.05) was detected. Our findings suggest that upfront appendectomy for children with appendicitis and COVID-19 has similar outcomes compared to children without COVID-19. Level III.