Abstract
Modern livestock production inevitably involves the use of antimicrobial drugs. Adequate application thereof depends on the application of appropriate biosafety measures as well as timely and accurate diagnostics of the diseases. Administration of antimicrobial drugs without previous identification of “zootechnical errors” or relevant laboratory analysis may lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Surveillance and monitoring of AMR is conducted according to prescribed procedures and includes sampling at slaughter line. Quite often, such procedures are missed out during production cycle, which results in an inadequate use of antibiotics and consequent development of antimicrobial resistance and resistance gene transfer. In this research, we monitored the presence of specific bacterial species from the family Enterobacteriaceae and their sensitivity to particular antibiotics in diverse animal categories at pig farms over the breeding period. The aim of the study was to establish the following: development of antimicrobial resistance by isolated bacteria, occurrence of the resistance towards several diverse groups of antibiotics, and possible alternatives to antibiotics in cases when therapy is required. The research confirmed the development of AMR during pig production process, which is often manifested as multiple resistance (group of penicillin and synthetic penicillin drugs, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines).
Highlights
Competitive interactions between microbes in natural environment resulted in the development of antimicrobial compounds as a necessary “weapon” aimed at limiting the presence and growth of specific organisms that make the ecosystem microflora
Administration of antimicrobial drugs without previous identification of “zootechnical issues” or relevant laboratory analyses may lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
The therapy was applied without a prior evaluation of microbiological status and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial flora
Summary
Competitive interactions between microbes in natural environment resulted in the development of antimicrobial compounds as a necessary “weapon” aimed at limiting the presence and growth of specific organisms that make the ecosystem microflora. The creation of such substances has enabled the producer-organisms to effectively inhibit the growth of the competitor-microflora and provide favorable conditions to disperse in the environment (Huttner et al, 2013). The presence of antimicrobial substances inevitably instigated the development of microbial defense mechanisms adopted by bacteria to overcome the cidal and static effects of antimicrobials and survive in natural environments (Hibbing et al, 2010; Kassen et al, 2004; Boles et al, 2004; Kirisits et al, 2005). It could be concluded that from the moment of producing antimicrobial substances in surplus, the response of the nature was to develop and spread antimicrobial resistance
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