Clinical insights gained by refining the 2016 WHO classification of diffuse gliomas with: EGFR amplification, TERT mutations, PTEN deletion and MGMT methylation

Abstract

BackgroundSignificant advances in the molecular profiling of gliomas, led the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification to include, for the first-time, molecular biomarkers in glioma diagnosis: IDH mutations and 1p/19q codeletion. Here, we evaluated the effect of this new classification in the stratification of gliomas previously diagnosed according to 2007 WHO classification. Then, we also analyzed the impact of TERT promoter mutations, PTEN deletion, EGFR amplification and MGMT promoter methylation in diagnosis, prognosis and response to therapy in glioma molecular subgroup.MethodsA cohort of 444 adult gliomas was analyzed and reclassified according to the 2016 WHO. Mutational analysis of IDH1 and TERT promoter mutations was performed by Sanger sequencing. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Statistics 21.0.ResultsThe reclassification of this cohort using 2016 WHO criteria led to a decrease of the number of oligodendrogliomas (from 82 to 49) and an increase of astrocytomas (from 49 to 98), while glioblastomas (GBM) remained the same (n = 256). GBM was the most common diagnosis (57.7%), of which 55.2% were IDH-wildtype. 1p/19q codeleted gliomas were the subgroup associated with longer median overall survival (198 months), while GBM IDH-wildtype had the worst outcome (10 months). Interestingly, PTEN deletion had poor prognostic value in astrocytomas IDH-wildtype (p = 0.015), while in GBM IDH-wildtype was associated with better overall survival (p = 0.042) as well as MGMT promoter methylation (p = 0.009). EGFR amplification and TERT mutations had no impact in prognosis. Notably, EGFR amplification predicted a better response to radiotherapy (p = 0.011) and MGMT methylation to chemo-radiotherapy (p = 0.003).ConclusionIn this study we observed that the 2016 WHO classification improved the accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis of diffuse gliomas, although the available biomarkers are not enough. Therefore, we suggest MGMT promoter methylation should be added to glioma classification. Moreover, we found two genetic/clinical correlations that must be evaluated to understand their impact in the clinical setting: i) how is PTEN deletion a favorable prognostic factor in GBM IDH wildtype and an unfavorable prognostic factor in astrocytoma IDH wildtype and ii) how EGFR amplification is an independent and strong factor of response to radiotherapy.