Abstract
There are few studies assessing pre-hypertension and an impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and their combined effects on the cancer risk. We investigated the impact of pre-hypertension on cancer risk and IFG, and their combined effects on the cancer risk. This study included 371,762 subjects (≥40 years) who had never been diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and cancer before. During a mean follow-up of 10.06 ± 1.86 years, 35,605 (9.58%) of the subjects developed cancer. In men only, cancer risk was significantly increased with an increase in the blood pressure (BP) (P for trend < 0.001), and were increased in the hypertension range, but not the pre-hypertension range. When analyzing the combination effect of BP and fasting glucose, cancer risks were serially increased with an increase in the fasting glucose in a dose-dependent manner, but not with an increase in BP. These results were more consistently significant in the never-smoker and non-alcohol drinking groups. However, in women, there was no significant difference. In conclusions, increased BP status or the fasting serum glucose level status were associated with cancer risk in men. Furthermore, the combination of both pre-hypertension and IFG also was associated with a cancer risk in men.
Highlights
There are few studies assessing pre-hypertension and an impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and their combined effects on the cancer risk
This study assessed the hazard ratio (HR) of various cancers according to factors including the blood pressure (BP), fasting serum glucose, and body mass index (BMI) in men and women over the follow-up duration (Table 2)
In terms of the fasting serum glucose, the risk of all cancers had a significantly increased tendency with normal, IFG, and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) (IFG, HR = 1.05, 95% CI, 1.02–1.08; undiagnosed DM, HR = 1.24, 95% CI, 1.18–1.30; P for trend
Summary
There are few studies assessing pre-hypertension and an impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and their combined effects on the cancer risk. When analyzing the combination effect of BP and fasting glucose, cancer risks were serially increased with an increase in the fasting glucose in a dose-dependent manner, but not with an increase in BP These results were more consistently significant in the never-smoker and non-alcohol drinking groups. Among the many risk factors of cancer, hypertension and diabetic mellitus (DM), which are chronic diseases with high prevalence, are associated with an increased risk of cancer compared to subjects who have a normal blood pressure (BP) and normal fasting serum glucose[2,3,4,5]. We aimed to investigate the impact of pre-hypertension and an IFG on the risk of various cancers in both men and women. We performed a subgroup analysis in subjects without smoking and alcohol intake to exclude the effect of powerful individual-level risk factors that could have an influence on cancer risk[14,15,16]
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