Clinical Experience and Feasibility of Using 2D-kVimage Online Intervention in the Ultrafractionated Stereotactic Radiation Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Abstract

This study reports clinical experience and feasibility of using a 2-dimensional (2D)-kV image system with online intervention in the ultrafractionated stereotactic body radiation treatment (UF-SBRT) of prostate cancer. Fifteen patients with prostate cancer who had a low- to intermediate-risk marker implanted received UF-SBRT with online 2D-kV image tracking and a manual beam interruption strategy with a 2-mm motion threshold. A total of 180 kV paired setup images and 1272 intrabeam 2D-kV images were analyzed to evaluate the setup deviation and intratreatment target deviation. Correlation of expected treatment interruptions with a set of parameters (eg, image and treatment time; direction of deviation) was performed (Spearman test). A subset of the data from 22 fractions was re-evaluated to check the differences in analysis results between using the planning position and using the pretreatment setup position as a reference. Margins based on the derived system and random errors were calculated to evaluate the feasibility of the workflow in ensuring prostate coverage during treatment. Mean target motion in 3D propagated from 1.0 mm (setup at 0 minutes) to 2.0 mm (beam on at 7 minutes) to 2.4 mm (end at 13.5 minutes). Out of 75 fractions, 50 were found to require beam interruption. Interruption had a strong correlation with prostate motion along the longitudinal direction and had moderate correlation with prostate motion along the vertical direction and the prostate's treatment starting position along vertical and longitudinal directions. Using the pretreatment position as a reference for intrabeam monitoring, the magnitude of motion deviation from the reference position was reduced by 0.3 mm at a vertical direction and 0.4 mm at lateral and longitudinal directions. The calculated 3D margin to ensure target coverage was 3.7 mm, 4.6 mm, and 5.0 mm in lateral, vertical, and longitudinal directions, respectively. Prostate motion propagated over time. It is feasible to use a 2D-kV online intrabeam monitoring system with a proper intervention scheme to perform UF-SBRT for prostate cancer.