Clinical evaluation of the sedative, antinociceptive and cardiorespiratory effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with methadone in healthy dogs

Abstract

In this prospective, randomised, blinded clinical study, we compared the sedative, antinociceptive and cardiorespiratory effects of intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine at 5 μg/kg (diluted with 0.03 mL/kg NaCl 0.9%, DEX) with or without methadone (0.3 mg/kg; DEXMET), through a mucosal atomization device to one nostril in twenty healthy client-owned dogs. At 5-min intervals over 45 min, sedation score, onset, cardiopulmonary variables, mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) were assessed, also ease of administration, adverse effects, and response to IV catheterization. Statistical analysis employed t-test, the Mann-Whitney U, repeated measures ANOVA and Chi-square tests as appropriate (P < 0.05).Higher sedation ocurred in DEXMET (7 [5–10]) compared to DEX (5 [2–7]) from 15 to 30 min (P < 0.01, median [interquartile range]). Heart rate was lower in DEXMET (P < 0.01; 65% reduction vs. 41% in DEX, P = 0.001). The MNTs were higher in DEXMET than DEX from 15 to 45 min (P < 0.01), peaking at T30 (17.1 ± 3.8, DEXMET and 8.5 ± 5.4 N, DEX). No differences were observed in mean arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate. Intranasal administration was considered easy for 8 dogs per group. Reverse sneezing (8 dogs; P < 0.001), sialorrhea and retching (4 and 2 dogs, respectively) occurred in DEXMET. Response to catheterisation was lower in DEXMET than DEX (P = 0.039; 2 and 7 dogs, respectively). In conclusion, intranasal methadone (0.3 mg/kg) increased the sedative and antinociceptive effects produced by dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg) in healthy dogs and resulted in lower heart rate.