Clinical Characteristics of Overhydration in Patients with Idiopathic Edema

Abstract

Background: Idiopathic edema (IE) is a common clinical syndrome. Designing treatment plans for IE is problematic because of the difficulty in assessing volume status. We aimed to evaluate volume status, measured by bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), and investigated clinical parameters associated with volume overload (VO) in patients with IE. Methods: Patients with IE were defined as those with symptomatic edema and without abnormal renal function or any other apparent cause of edema. A total of 124 patients were included. Overhydration (OH) and extracellular water (ECW) were calculated using BIS. Relative hydration status (ΔHS) was defined as OH/ECW. Patients were classified into 2 groups: overhydrated group (OG; ΔHS ≥7%) and non-OG (NOG; ΔHS <7). Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the influence of several variables on the incidence of VO. Results: Of 124 patients, 37 (29.8%) were in the OG. The proportion of men in the OG was higher than that in the NOG (p = 0.020). Patients in the OG showed more frequent pretibial pitting edema (PTPE, p < 0.001) and had lower hemoglobin (p = 0.008) and serum albumin levels (p < 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that the presence of PTPE (OR 10.62, 95% CI 1.98-57.1), low serum albumin level (OR 0.01, 95% CI 0.00-0.25) and lower fat tissue index (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63-0.97) were independent risk factors for the presence of VO. Conclusions: BIS helps to identify volume status and body composition in patients with IE.