Clinical characteristics and risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving adalimumab: a retrospective review and case–control study of 17 patients

Abstract

To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with adalimumab. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, case-control study to compare RA patients treated with adalimumab with and without PCP. Data from 17 RA patients who were diagnosed with PCP and from 89 RA patients who did not develop PCP during adalimumab treatment were collected. For the PCP patients, the median age was 68 years old, with a median RA disease duration of eight years. The median length of time from the first adalimumab injection to the development of PCP was 12 weeks. At the onset of PCP, the median dosages of prednisolone and methotrexate were 5.0 mg/day and 8.0 mg/week, respectively. The patients with PCP were significantly older (p < 0.05) and had more structural changes (p < 0.05) than the patients without PCP. Computed tomography of the chest revealed ground-glass opacity without interlobular septal boundaries in the majority of the patients with PCP. Three PCP patients died. PCP may occur early in the course of adalimumab therapy in patients with RA. Careful monitoring, early diagnosis, and proper management are mandatory to secure a good prognosis for these patients.