Abstract
BackgroundVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by more than one microorganisms is not uncommon and may be potentially challenging, but the relevant data is scarce in ventilated neonates. We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of polymicrobial VAP in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).MethodsAll neonates with definite diagnosis of VAP from a tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Taiwan between October 2017 and September 2020 were prospectively observed and enrolled for analyses. All clinical features, therapeutic interventions and outcomes were compared between the polymicrobial VAP and monomicrobial VAP episodes. Multivariate regression analyses were used to find the independent risk factors for treatment failure.ResultsAmong 236 episodes of neonatal VAP, 60 (25.4%) were caused by more than one microorganisms. Polymicrobial VAP episodes were more likely to be associated with multidrug-resistant pathogens (53.3% versus 34.7%, P = 0.014), more often occurred in later days of life and in neonates with prolonged intubation and underlying bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Otherwise most clinical characteristics of polymicrobial VAP were similar to those of monomicrobial VAP. The therapeutic responses and treatment outcomes were also comparable between these two groups, although modification of therapeutic antibiotics were significantly more common in polymicrobial VAP episodes than monomicrobial VAP episodes (63.3% versus 46.2%; P < 0.001). None of any specific pathogens was significantly associated with worse outcomes. Instead, it is the severity of illness, including presence of concurrent bacteremia, septic shock, and requirement of high-frequency oscillatory ventilator and underlying neurological sequelae that are independently associated with treatment failure.ConclusionsPolymicrobial VAP accounted for 25.4% of all neonatal VAP in the NICU, and frequently occurred in neonates with prolonged intubation and underlying bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In our cohort, most clinical features, therapeutic responses and final outcomes of neonates with monomicrobial and polymicrobial VAP did not differ significantly.
Highlights
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) accounts for one-fifth to one-fourth of healthcare associated infections (HAIs) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and is very difficult to have the confirmed diagnosis [1, 2]
To ascertain the epidemiologic aspects and clinical features of polymicrobial Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) in neonates, we conducted a prospective study with consecutive neonates receiving intubation for ≥ 48 h, in whom VAP was confirmed by strict diagnostic criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [1, 17]
We considered all potential microorganisms isolated from the culture of nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (NBBAL) fluid regardless of the number of CFU per milliliter as the causative pathogens of VAP
Summary
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) accounts for one-fifth to one-fourth of healthcare associated infections (HAIs) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and is very difficult to have the confirmed diagnosis [1, 2]. Increased hospital costs and resource use are noted in neonates with VAP [9,10,11]. Previous studies in both adult and pediatric ICUs found 25–40% of all VAP episodes are caused by more than one microorganism [9, 12,13,14]. We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of polymicrobial VAP in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
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