Clinical applications of non-antimicrobial tetracyclines in dermatology

Abstract

There are many proposed non-antimicrobial actions of tetracyclines. Pathways affected by these medications are often overexpressed in various dermatologic conditions. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes best known for breaking down connective tissue proteins and are upregulated in conditions involving dermal destruction. Inhibition of MMPs by tetracyclines has been emphasized as one major non-antimicrobial action. Other effects of tetracyclines that are important in dermatology include inflammatory cytokine regulation, inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, and anti-oxidation. Dermatologists have utilized the non-antimicrobial benefits of using tetracycline, through their success in treating disorders that do not have a primary infectious etiology such as rosacea. Even in acne, there is believed to be overactive inflammation to a normally commensal organism which is inhibited by tetracyclines. These medications have also been reported as successful in cases of less common skin conditions, such as pyoderma gangrenosum and bullous pemphigoid, both of which involve inflammation and dermal destruction which are inhibited by tetracyclines. The pathologic mechanisms of several dermatologic conditions are reviewed, followed by evidence of how tetracyclines and chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs; structurally altered tetracyclines to remove antimicrobial properties while retaining non-antimicrobial properties) affect these pathways. Clinical testing of sub-antimicrobial doxycycline, in both 20 mg twice daily and 40 mg once daily (controlled release; 30 mg immediate release, 10 mg delayed release) forms, in rosacea and acne is reviewed as evidence that non-antimicrobial actions are valuable for treatment. Chemically modified tetracycline-3 (CMT-3) for Kaposi's sarcoma is highlighted as the only clinical evidence available for CMTs in dermatology. Certain evidence of success using antimicrobial tetracyclines in inflammatory conditions of the skin is reviewed as well, because they are likely working through non-antimicrobial properties. Finally, dermatologic side effects of non-antimicrobial tetracyclines are assessed.