Abstract
In the last decade, the secreting activity of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) has been widely investigated, due to its possible therapeutic role. In fact, MSCs release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing relevant biomolecules such as mRNAs, microRNAs, bioactive lipids, and signaling receptors, able to restore physiological conditions where regenerative or anti-inflammatory actions are needed. An actual advantage would come from the therapeutic use of EVs with respect to MSCs, avoiding the possible immune rejection, the lung entrapment, improving the safety, and allowing the crossing of biological barriers. A number of concerns still have to be solved regarding the mechanisms determining the beneficial effect of MSC-EVs, the possible alteration of their properties as a consequence of the isolation/purification methods, and/or the best approach for a large-scale production for clinical use. Most of the preclinical studies have been successful, reporting for MSC-EVs a protecting role in acute kidney injury following ischemia reperfusion, a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects by reducing disease associated inflammation and fibrosis in lung and liver, and the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses in graft versus host disease (GVHD) as well as autoimmune diseases. However, the translation of MSC-EVs to the clinical stage is still at the initial phase. Herein, we discuss the therapeutic potential of an acellular product such as MSC derived EVs (MSC-EVs) in acute and chronic pathologies.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), mediators of multiple biological functions, are released by almost all cells under physiological and/or pathological conditions, and when cellular activation or stress is present [1,2]
Efficacy on the incidence and severity of BPD, the study will consider the duration of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen therapy, and the use of postnatal steroids and of tracheal aspirate
At present most of the studies have been performed in preclinical animal models, the clinical trials are still ongoing, and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)-extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered by the scientific community an acellular biological product potentially interesting for therapies, with a number of advantages with respect to
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), mediators of multiple biological functions, are released by almost all cells under physiological and/or pathological conditions, and when cellular activation or stress is present [1,2]. The beneficial effects have been hampered by the possible, not to be excluded a priori, capacity that transplanted MSCs may unexpectedly differentiate or uncontrollably grow in the host [16,17], opening a scenario of still unknown complications for the receiver. These possible events lead the scientists to better investigate for in vivo cell free therapies
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