Abstract
BackgroundAnimal studies are pivotal in allowing experimentation to identify efficacious treatment protocols for resolution of peri-implantitis. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize an expedited dog peri-implantitis model clinically, radiographically, and microbiologically.MethodsEight hound dogs underwent extractions (week 0) and implant (3.3 × 8.5 mm) placement with simultaneous surgical defect creation and ligature placement for induction of peri-implantitis (week 10). Ligatures were replaced at 6 weeks (week 16) and removed after 9 weeks (week 19) when supporting bone loss involved approximately 50% of the peri-implant bone. Microbial samples from the defects and healthy control implant sites collected at week 19 were analyzed utilizing a microarray. Clinical measures of inflammation were obtained and radiographic bone loss was measured from periapical radiographs. Radiographic depth and width measurements of bony defect were repeated at weeks 10 (baseline), 16, and 19. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates was used to visualize overall differences in microbial abundance between peri-implantitis and healthy implants.ResultsThis accelerated disease protocol led to intrabony defect creation with a mean depth and width of 4.3 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively after 9 weeks of ligature placement. Microbial identification revealed 59 total bacteria in peri-implant sites, 21 of which were only present in peri-implant sites as compared to healthy controls. Overall microbial beta diversity (microbial between-sample compositional diversity) differed between peri-implantitis and healthy implants (p = 0.009).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, this protocol led to expedited generation of peri-implant defects with a microbial profile indicative of a shift to disease and defect patterns conducive to regenerative treatment. However, the possibility of potential spontaneous resolution of lesions due to the lack of a chronicity interval as compared to chronic disease models need to be further clarified and considered during preclinical peri-implantitis model selection.
Highlights
Animal studies are pivotal in allowing experimentation to identify efficacious treatment protocols for resolution of peri-implantitis
When reviewing the limited number of interventions that have shown positive results in controlling periimplant inflammation, a clinical question arises: what is the true outcome of treatment? Ideally, treatment of peri-implantitis should lead to regeneration of the periimplant bone that is in direct contact with the previously contaminated implant surface [9]
The data from one maxillary healthy implant (HI) as a control and 6 mandibular periimplantitis implants (PI) per dog were reported from Dogs #2–8
Summary
Animal studies are pivotal in allowing experimentation to identify efficacious treatment protocols for resolution of peri-implantitis. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize an expedited dog peri-implantitis model clinically, radiographically, and microbiologically. Peri-implantitis is a bacterially induced inflammatory disease that affects functional implants It is characterized by inflammation of the peri-implant mucosa and loss of supporting bone [1, 2]. Treatment of peri-implantitis should lead to regeneration of the periimplant bone that is in direct contact with the previously contaminated implant surface [9]. It is reasonable to assume that the true outcome of periimplant disease treatment studies should be bone-toimplant contact [11, 12]. The design of animal studies could allow the retrieval of histological cores for microscopy [14, 15]
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