Clinical and histologic features associated with lentigo maligna clearance after imiquimod treatment

Abstract

Background Imiquimod cream may be used as a non-surgical treatment for lentigo maligna or as adjuvant therapy following excision to decrease the risk of recurrence. Objectives To evaluate histologic and clinical factors associated with clinical clearance of lentigo maligna treated with imiquimod. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with lentigo maligna and treated with imiquimod between 1997 and 2019 at our academic institution. Results We observed clinical clearance in 93% (66/71) of participants who received adjuvant imiquimod following surgery and 79% (19/24) in the primary non-surgical treatment group over a median of 38 months of follow-up. In the adjuvant therapy group, positive surgical margins were associated with a decreased rate of clinical clearance when compared to cases with close (<1 mm) margins or background melanocytic dysplasia (83.3 vs. 100%, p = .01). The presence of an inflammatory response during treatment was associated with increased clearance (94.1 vs. 66.7%, p = .02). Conclusions Adjuvant imiquimod treatment may decrease LM recurrence rates in cases with background melanocytic dysplasia or close margins. LM cases with positive surgical margins need close clinical follow-up given higher recurrence rates.