Abstract
Venezuela is an endemic area for human and canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum and parasites of the Leishmania braziliensis and L. mexicana complexes. Limited data are available on feline leishmaniosis (FeL) in this region. The aim of this study was to describe clinical and diagnostic aspects of FeL in Venezuela. Thirty-one domestic cats from urban areas of Lara State in Venezuela were enrolled. Twenty-five were healthy. Six other cats had solitary or multiple nodular lesions, which were located on the nose, ears, tail and lower limbs. Cutaneous lesions were characterized by diffuse pyogranulomatous infiltrate in all sick cats with numerous intracellular and extracellular amastigotes, and immunohistochemistry was positive for Leishmania in five sick cats. All healthy cats were seronegative for L. infantum and L. braziliensis antigens by ELISA. Two out of five sick cats yielded a positive ELISA result to both Leishmania antigens with higher antibody levels to L. braziliensis compared to L. infantum. Significantly higher antibody levels by ELISA as well as a higher number of bands by Western blot (WB) were found for L. braziliensis when compared to L. infantum antigens in all sera from Venezuelan sick and healthy cats. All healthy cats were blood Leishmania spp. qPCR negative while three out of six sick cats were blood qPCR positive. All paraffin-embedded skin biopsies (n = 4) as well as cutaneous cytology (n = 3) were positive by Leishmania spp. qPCR in sick cats. Leishmania speciation was obtained only from the cutaneous lesion samples from cytological preparations of two out of three sick cats which were identified as infected with L. mexicana or a closely related specie. Feline leishmaniosis should be included in the differential diagnosis list of nodular-ulcerative lesions. The most reliable diagnostic technique in sick cats is cytological or histopathological examination along with immunohistochemistry, since blood PCR and serology by ELISA might be negative. WB appears to be more sensitive in detecting infection. Cats with leishmaniosis from Venezuela are most likely infected with species of L. mexicana or a closely related species or the L. braziliensis species complex and not with L. infantum.
Highlights
Venezuela is an endemic area for human and canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum and parasites of the Leishmania braziliensis and L. mexicana complexes
Diagnosis of Leishmania infection based on cytology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry of cutaneous lesions Impression smears and fine needle aspirates from ulcerative nodular lesions from 6 sick cats were sampled and stained with a Romanowsky stain variant (Diff-Quick)
In agreement with our findings, L. mexicana infection was previously diagnosed in humans with cutaneous leishmaniosis from Lara State, Venezuela [53] as well as in pools of Lutzomyia sand flies from Sucre State in Venezuela [54]
Summary
Venezuela is an endemic area for human and canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum and parasites of the Leishmania braziliensis and L. mexicana complexes. Leishmaniosis is a parasitic disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) [1]. In humans, it is manifested clinically in multiple forms including the cutaneous, mucosal and visceral leishmaniosis [2]. Cutaneous lesions are the most common clinical sign of leishmaniosis both in human [4] and canine patients [5] for certain Leishmania species such as L. infantum and the L. mexicana and L. braziliensis species. Venezuela is an endemic area of American human cutaneous leishmaniosis (ACL). Viannia is the most relevant subgenus in this territory and is responsible for metastatic human mucosal leishmaniosis, the severe form of tegumentary disease [11, 12]
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