Abstract
ACKGROUND: HIV-negative men are over-represented in tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys. Traditionally, TB screening is focused in clinics. We aimed to determine the frequency of primary healthcare clinic (PHC) attendance among HIV-negative men in a TB-prevalent setting. METHODS: Since January 2017, PHC attendees in a rural South African demographic surveillance area (DSA) were asked their reason for attendance. HIV status was defined as positive if tested positive in a DSA sero-survey or attended clinic for HIV care; negative if tested negative between January 2014-December 2017 and no HIV-related visits; and HIV-unknown otherwise. RESULTS: Among 67124 DSA residents (=15 years), 27038 (40%) were male; 14196 (21%) were classified HIV-positive, 18892 (28%) HIV-negative and 34036 (51%) HIV-unknown. Between April 2017 and March 2018, 24382/67124 (36.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 36.0-36.7) adults made =1 PHC visit, comprising 9805/40086 (24.5%, 95%CI 23.6-25.3) of HIV-negative or unknown women and 3440/27038 (12.7%, 95%CI 11.6-13.8) of HIV-negative or unknown men. Overall, HIV care accounted for 37556/88109 (43.6%) of adult PHC visits. CONCLUSION: In this rural population, HIV-negative and -unknown men rarely attend PHCs. Improving TB screening in clinics may not reach a key population with respect to undiagnosed TB. Additional strategies are needed to diagnose and treat TB earlier.
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