Abstract
AbstractClimate change and water security have become the most challenging global issues of this era, especially for developing countries like Pakistan. Amid many hindrances, poor governance has been identified as one of the most pressing reasons for ineffective action to tackle multifaceted and integrative climate-water issues in Pakistan. This article, therefore, applied a systematic literature review methodology to examine the current climate-water governance archetype, including key areas, major elements, critical gaps, and potential strategy in Pakistan. This study found that key climate-water governance areas in Pakistan are: river basin and watershed management, agriculture and irrigation management, urban and domestic water issues, floods, droughts and disaster management, groundwater management, and transboundary management. Moreover, it is revealed that the major governance elements are political commitment and leadership, policy formulation and regulation, institutional capacity and coordination, stakeholder engagement, and resource management, technology, and infrastructure development. The article also discusses how Pakistan has not effectively employed most of the identified governance elements to tackle its climate-water problems, lacking mostly in political, policy, institutional, coordination, and infrastructure aspects. In conclusion, a four-dimensional governance strategy, encompassing leadership, policy, institutions, and stakeholders is proposed to improve water sector resilience and adaptation to combat climate change in Pakistan.
Highlights
Climate change has become one of the most challenging global issues of this era
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration have unequivocally publicised the anthropogenic reasons for climate change and its considerable consequent impacts on global development (IPCC, 2018; NASA, 2019)
Based on the guidelines formulated by various prominent researchers, a distinct five-step approach has been followed for conducting the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that comprises of scoping; planning for SLR; searching or identification; screening and scanning; and presenting results and discussions (Ford et al, 2011; Moher et al, 2009; Ozerol et al, 2018; Siddaway et al, 2019; Xiao & Watson, 2019)
Summary
Climate change has become one of the most challenging global issues of this era. According to the 2020 Global Climate Risk Index, more than 12,000 climate change events have caused economic losses worth 3.54 trillion US dollars and resulted in over 500,000 deaths worldwide between 1999 and 2018 (Eckstein et al, 2019). Most of these climate events are water-related, such as tsunamis, cyclones, floods, droughts, and unexpected precipitations. Climate change – a global issue – has enormous local repercussions, especially in developing countries such as Pakistan
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