Abstract
The Canadian Arctic has a long history with diarrheal disease, including outbreaks of campylobacteriosis, giardiasis, and salmonellosis. Due to climate change, the Canadian Arctic is experiencing rapid environmental transformation, which not only threatens the livelihood of local Indigenous Peoples, but also supports the spread, frequency, and intensity of enteric pathogen outbreaks. Advances in diagnostic testing and detection have brought to attention the current burden of disease due to Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter pylori. As climate change is known to influence pathogen transmission (e.g., food and water), Arctic communities need support in developing prevention and surveillance strategies that are culturally appropriate. This review aims to provide an overview of how climate change is currently and is expected to impact enteric pathogens in the Canadian Arctic.
Highlights
IntroductionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
Using dard methods for detection in environmental samples, 20% of samples tested positive standard methods for detection in environmental samples, 20% of samples tested positive for Giardia, 1.8% tested positive for Cryptosporidium, and 30.9% tested positive for E. coli
For Giardia, 1.8% tested positive for Cryptosporidium, and 30.9% tested positive for E. coli
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. We begin by characterizing the extent of enteric infection in the Arctic, with further exploration into the connection between diarrheal disease and water and food safety practices. We focus on three pathogens prevalent in the Arctic to explore the impact of infection on gastrointestinal health and disease. While water volume peaked in spring and summer, the number of AGI-related visits to the healthcare facility increased in summer and fall These studies illustrate how microbial contamination varies throughout the Arctic. Strategies to reduce water- and food-related AGI must be culturally appropriate and done in consultation with Arctic communities [66]. Different parts of the Arctic face different challenges in regard to water and food safety; strategies have to be tailored to fit each community
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