Abstract
A leading pattern of weather and climate variability over the Northern Hemisphere is the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). The NAO refers to a redistribution of atmospheric mass between the Arctic and the subtropical Atlantic, and swings from one phase to another to produce large changes in surface air temperature, winds, storminess, and precipitation over the Atlantic as well as the adjacent continents. The NAO also affects the ocean through changes in heat content, gyre circulations, mixed layer depth, salinity, high-latitude deepwater formation, and sea ice cover. A better understanding of how the NAO responds to external forcing, including increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, is thus crucial.
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