Click synthesis of pyrrolidine-based 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as antifungal agents causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Candida auris

Abstract

The emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens such as Candida auris is one of the major reasons WHO has declared fungal infections as a public health threat. Multidrug resistance, high mortality rates, frequent misidentification, and involvement in hospital outbreaks of this fungus demand the development of novel therapeutic drugs. In this direction, we report the synthesis of novel pyrrolidine-based 1,2,3-triazole derivatives using Click Chemistry (CC) and evaluation of their antifungal susceptibility against C. auris following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The fungicidal activity of the most potent derivative (P6) was further quantitatively confirmed by the MUSE cell viability assay. For insight mechanisms, the effect of the most active derivative on cell cycle arrest was studied using MuseTM Cell Analyzer and apoptotic mode of cell death was determined by studying phosphatidylserine externalization and mitochondrial depolarization. In vitro susceptibility testing and viability assays showed that all the newly synthesized compounds have antifungal activity with P6 being the most potent derivative. Cell cycle analysis revealed that P6 arrested the cells in S-phase in a concentration dependent manner and the apoptotic mode of cell death was confirmed by the movement of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol with membrane depolarization. The hemolytic assay confirmed the safe use of P6 for further in vivo studies.