Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing heterogeneous catalysts have attracted great attention in the last decade. The use of solid catalysts, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticle support materials, exhibited better performance compared with the use of homogeneous catalysts, which is mainly related to their stability in hostile environments and recyclability and reusability. Various solid supports have been reported to enhance the performance of metal and metal oxide catalysts for AOPs; undoubtedly, the utilization of clay as a support is the priority under consideration and has received intensive interest. This review provides up-to-date progress on the synthesis, features, and future perspectives of clay-supported metal and metal oxide for AOPs. The methods and characteristics of metal and metal oxide incorporated into the clay structure are strongly influenced by various factors in the synthesis, including the kind of clay mineral. In addition, the benefits of nanomaterials from a green chemistry perspective are key aspects for their further considerations in various applications. Special emphasis is given to the basic schemes for clay modifications and role of clay supports for the enhanced mechanism of AOPs. The scaling-up issue is suggested for being studied to further applications at industrial scale.
Highlights
Rapid developments in chemical industries enhance the quality of human life with the various products created for daily life, healthcare, building, electronics, etc
The metal-to-clay ratio determines much of the catalytic and photocatalytic activity, governing the physicochemical character of pillared clay. From many studies, such as research on the synthesis of TiO2 -pillared montmorillonite and SnO2 -pillared montmorillonite, it can be concluded that the metal-to-clay ratio is not linearly correlated with increasing either the physical characteristics or the catalytic performance of the pillared clay, but it has an optimum condition, which depends on the electronic properties of the surface, the cation exchange capacity of clay, and the affinity of metal polyoxocations to tonite tonite identified identified by by XRD
Clay-supported metals and metal oxide nanoparticles could act as catalysts in processes of catalytic oxidation (CO), catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO), catalytic ozonation, as well as photocatalysts in photocatalytic oxidation (PCPO) and peroxidation (PCO) reactions
Summary
Rapid developments in chemical industries enhance the quality of human life with the various products created for daily life, healthcare, building, electronics, etc. The persistent character of compounds from industrial wastewater has necessitated the development of and exploration for effective and efficient treatment methods over recent decades Some conventional methods, such as chemical precipitation, coagulation, flocculation, adsorption, and membrane filtration, are well-known technologies which have applied for many years; the effectiveness is still low in terms of perspectives and challenges for sustainable technology and future perspectives [5,6]. Silica-alumina-based materials, as well as porous materials, have been reported to be good solid supports for many metal oxide catalysts and photocatalysts [17,19] The capability of these materials for adsorbing target compounds is a distinct advantage for efficient mechanisms which are usually studied by such kinetics and mechanism models.
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