Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class that is used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. Antibiotics released into the environment can select for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which negatively affects human and animal healthcare. Understanding soil factors that govern the mobility of ciprofloxacin can facilitate the development of targeted efforts to mitigate potential negative impacts. The objectives were (1) to determine the sorption capacity of ciprofloxacin in soils under acidic conditions; and (2) to reveal relative importance of key soil factors that influence sorption of ciprofloxacin. Evaluations were conducted using 20 soil samples with diverse properties and different cultivation/vegetation history. Sorption capacity ranged from 8 to 141 g kg−1; distribution coefficient (Kd) ranged from 23 to 200 mL kg−1 soil; and soil organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient (Koc) values ranged from 54 to 2,146 mL g−1 organic carbon. Clay content and cation exchange capacity were the most significant factors that influenced sorption capacity and Kd of ciprofloxacin with r values of 0.92*** and 0.64***, respectively. Soil pH had little effect on ciprofloxacin sorption parameters with r < 0.25. pH-independent charges played a predominant role dictating sorption parameters of ciprofloxacin in soil. Cation exchange via interlayer adsorption was a primary sorption mechanism under acidic conditions. Sorption parameters were significantly correlated with organic carbon content in cultivated soils only, resulting in r values of 0.97*** (with sorption capacity) and 0.72*** (with Kd). Cultivation led to changes in the quality of soil organic matter, resulting in changes in the sorption behavior and altered mechanisms of ciprofloxacin sorption in soil. Soils are effective in restraining the mobility of ciprofloxacin through adsorption and the effectiveness increases with clay content.
Highlights
Environmental contamination by ciprofloxacin and the influence of soil properties on its sorption in soil are receiving increasing attention
Sorption coefficients based on linear transformations of Langmuir (KL) ranged from 52 to 653 mL kg−1 soil; those based on the initial linear sorption range (Kd) ranged from 23 to 200 mL kg−1 soil; while those standardized by soil organic carbon content (Koc) ranged from 54 to 2,146 mL g−1 OC (Table 2)
Data obtained in this study suggests that sorption of ciprofloxacin in soil under acidic reaction conditions occurs largely through cation exchange and adsorption driven primarily by cation bridging, evidenced by the predominant influence of clay content to sorption capacity in the tested soils (Figure 3)
Summary
Environmental contamination by ciprofloxacin and the influence of soil properties on its sorption in soil are receiving increasing attention. Sorption of Ciprofloxacin in Soil compounds into the environment. FQs treat bacterial infections by inhibiting DNA replication and can enter the environment through direct discharge of wastewater from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and aquaculture facilities, through the application of manure, biosolids, runoff and leaching from agricultural fields and landfills, and leakage of septic tanks [3, 4]. Manure amended soil have been detected having FQs at 9.8 mg kg−1 [7]. There are no regulations on the application of animal manure as soil amendments to prevent antibiotic release
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