Abstract
BackgroundFK506 binding proteins (FKBPs) and cyclophilins (CYPs) are abundant and ubiquitous proteins belonging to the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) superfamily, which regulate much of metabolism through a chaperone or an isomerization of proline residues during protein folding. They are collectively referred to as immunophilin (IMM), being present in almost all cellular organs. In particular, a number of IMMs relate to environmental stresses.ResultsFKBP and CYP proteins in rice (Oryza sativa cv. Japonica) were identified and classified, and given the appropriate name for each IMM, considering the ortholog-relation with Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas or molecular weight of the proteins. 29 FKBP and 27 CYP genes can putatively be identified in rice; among them, a number of genes can be putatively classified as orthologs of Arabidopsis IMMs. However, some genes were novel, did not match with those of Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas, and several genes were paralogs by genetic duplication. Among 56 IMMs in rice, a significant number are regulated by salt and/or desiccation stress. In addition, their expression levels responding to the water-stress have been analyzed in different tissues, and some subcellular IMMs located by means of tagging with GFP protein.ConclusionLike other green photosynthetic organisms such as Arabidopsis (23 FKBPs and 29 CYPs) and Chlamydomonas (23 FKBs and 26 CYNs), rice has the highest number of IMM genes among organisms reported so far, suggesting that the numbers relate closely to photosynthesis. Classification of the putative FKBPs and CYPs in rice provides the information about their evolutional/functional significance when comparisons are drawn with the relatively well studied genera, Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas. In addition, many of the genes upregulated by water stress offer the possibility of manipulating the stress responses in rice.
Highlights
FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs) and cyclophilins (CYPs) are abundant and ubiquitous proteins belonging to the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) superfamily, which regulate much of metabolism through a chaperone or an isomerization of proline residues during protein folding
Like the two green photosynthetic organisms, Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas, in which putative IMM genes have been identified within the genome, rice has the largest number of putative IMM genes (29 FKBPs and 27 CYPs) among organisms that have been studied to date, showing that the diversity of IMM in green photosynthetic organisms was already present in the ancient green lineage, Chlamydomonas, and that this diversity is maintained in most land plants
Most of the genes survived without degeneration or great modification during evolution, which suggests that most orthologous IMM genes may have a conserved function in cell metabolism
Summary
FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs) and cyclophilins (CYPs) are abundant and ubiquitous proteins belonging to the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) superfamily, which regulate much of metabolism through a chaperone or an isomerization of proline residues during protein folding They are collectively referred to as immunophilin (IMM), being present in almost all cellular organs. Proteins that bind to immunosuppressive drugs, such as FK506, rapamycin and cyclophilin A (CsA), have been called FKBPs (FK506/rapamycin-binding proteins) and CYPs or cyclophilins (cyclosporin A-binding proteins), respectively, being collectively referred to immunophilins [1] Despite their lack of structural similarity, these two families share a common peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase), catalyzing the cis/trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds [2]. 11 FKBPs and 5 CYPs localize to the chloroplast thylakoid lumen in Arabidopsis, creating the largest IMM family in any cellular organism
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