Abstract
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a complex heart disease affecting the heart musculature and vasculature, involving one or several underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Identifying potential biomarkers for dilated cardiomyopathy is a challenge owing to various aetiologies involved. Studying the biomarkers involved in DCM will ultimately give a better insight about which pathophysiological pathways are involved in the onset of the disease. Owing to its multifactorial aetiologies, response to treatment is usually poor. If we can find the exact underlying causes, a better treatment approach could be implemented. One way to obtain better insight of DCM is to study the biomarkers released. Through biomarkers, we can know which underlying mechanisms are involved. Biomarkers can provide us with clinical information such as diagnostic, prognostic, risk stratification as well as response to treatment. Underlying mechanisms such as inflammation, stress/strain, myocyte injury, matrix remodelling, oxidative stress, neurohormones involvement, among others, can contribute to the onset of DCM. Different mechanisms will yield different biomarkers. So it would be wise to classify those biomarkers involving in DCM based on their respective pathogenesis. Moreover, most importantly is to be able to make use of the information that biomarker pertains. However, specificity of those biomarkers poses a problem. One way of making these biomarkers clinically useful is to make use of a biomarker modelling score system.
Highlights
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cause of heart failure, which can affect all population groups
Identifying potential biomarkers for dilated cardiomyopathy is a challenge owing to various aetiologies involved
It would be wise to classify those biomarkers involving in DCM based on their respective pathogenesis
Summary
DCM is a common cause of heart failure, which can affect all population groups. DCM can be inherited or acquired which leads to structural and functional changes that eventually result in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Male is more affected than female with an incidence ratio of 3:1 [1] and while the exact reason still remains unclear, it can be explained by SHBG, which alters the cardiac structure and function [2]. Gene mutations can cause familial DCM [5] [6] [7] and among the idiopathic cases, one third can be accounted to familial DCM [8] [9]. DCM can be attributed to secondary causes including acquired conditions and diseases such as hypertension, alcohol intake, viral infections, drugs among others. One way to get a better insight about the DCM is to study the biomarkers involved in DCM (Figure 1)
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