Classification and treatment of local septic complications in acute pancreatitis

Abstract

Background: An international symposium on acute pancreatitis recently developed a clinical classification system for severe acute pancreatitis that classifies all local septic complications into three groups: infected necrosis (IN), sterile necrosis (SN), and pancreatic abscess (PA). Despite the appeal of having three distinct, well-defined labels for this complex process, the clinical utility of this schema has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic and therapeutic utility of applying this clinical classification system to a large group of surgical patients with local septic complication from acute pancreatitis. Patients and methods: We reviewed the cases of 62 patients with complicated pancreatitis, classifying them into IN (n = 20), SN (n = 14), or PA (n = 28) groups. Ranson's score, APACHE II score, and computed tomography grading were calculated within the first 48 hours of admission. Information on patient demographics, etiology of pancreatitis, operative procedures, timing of intervention, bacteriology, blood loss, intensive care unit days, ventilator days, and morbidity and mortality were also accrued and analyzed. Results: Despite similar demographics and etiology of pancreatitis, patients with necrosis, both IN and SN, were more critically ill than were patients with PA (APACHE II score >15, 21% versus 0%, respectively), required earlier operative intervention (mean 14 days versus 29 days, P = 0.02), required necrosectomy with drainage (65% versus 4%, P <0.001) rather than simple drainage (3% versus 86%, P <0.001), more reoperations (2.3 versus 1.1, P <0.05), and had a significantly higher mortality rate (35% versus 4%, P <0.05). In addition, patients with IN required significantly more hospital days, ventilator days, and blood transfusions than elther patients with SN or PA ( P <0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that this classification system allows for the stratification of patients into three distinct groups—infected necrosis, sterile necrosis, and pancreatic abscess— and has both therapeutic and prognostic usefulness.