Classical defocussing of world lines—Cosmological Implications

Abstract

We have extended our result on defocussing of world lines (Parthasarathy et al., 2018) by modifying gravity in the early epoch by a 5-d theory with scalar ψ(r). The acceleration term in the Raychaudhuri equation has been shown to be positive for flat FRW metric. The scalar ψ(r) satisfies a non-linear differential equation which is solved. Though singular, the acceleration term turns out to be finite. With this, the equations for the Hubble parameter H(t) and the scale factor a(t) are obtained. These are analyzed using ‘fixed point analysis’. Without the scalar field, the age of the universe is finite showing a beginning of the universe and with out bounce. With the contribution of the scalar field included, the age of the universe is shown to be infinite, thereby resolving the singularity. The scale factor a(t) exhibits classical bounce, the bounce being proportional to the effect of the scalar field. The effect of the 5-d gravity in the early universe is to cause defocussing of the world lines, give infinite age of the universe thereby resolving the big bang singularity and classical bounce for the FRW scale factor.