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Abstract
Objectives: To clarify the relationships of fat and lean mass with the metabolic syndrome risk factors in Asian men and women. Methods: This is a cross sectional study of 530 and 1326 Singaporean men and women. The lean mass index (LMI), fat mass index (FMI) and abdominal fat index (AbFI) were computed with height adjustments as with BMI, and were categorized into four groups to evaluated for their relationships with the various metabolic syndrome risk factors. Results: Men have 35% more LMI, 57% less FMI and 30% less of AbFI than in women. Lean and fat mass have independent and gender-specific relationships with the various metabolic syndrome risk factors. Varying amounts of LMI in men have no bearing on the MetS risk factors. While in women, high LMI is associated with risk factors for metabolic health. High FMI in men is cardio-protective, while high FMI in women is associated with higher insulin resistance markers. High AbFI in both men and women is a predictor, possibly, of poorer metabolic health. BMI reflects the combined association of LMI, FMI and AbFI. Conclusions: The results clarify and reveal the clear gender differences in the relationships of LMI, FMI, AbFI and BMI with the various MetS risk factors. These news findings, together with known predicators of MetS such as age, physical exercise, male and female hormones, should form the basis to establish different and gender-specific management modalities for MetS.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is linked to increased risk of multiple chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, chronic kidney disease, schizophrenia, and several types of cancer and of early death [1,2,3]
Body mass index (BMI) should be viewed as a body mass index including lean and fat mass that is Victor Hng Hang Goh: Clarifying and Revealing the Gender Differences in the Relationships of Lean and Fat
The present study shows that lean mass index (LMI), fat mass index (FMI), and abdominal fat index (AbFI) have independent relationship and BMI reflect the resultant relationship of these three indices with the various MetS risk factors
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is linked to increased risk of multiple chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, chronic kidney disease, schizophrenia, and several types of cancer and of early death [1,2,3]. With the increasing prevalence of MetS, there is a need to better understand the public health burden and to establish prevention strategies for its management. Metabolic syndrome is known to be associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, type-2 diabetes and obesity [6]. The efforts to better understand MetS have been confounded by the lack of consistent associations with some of the clinical components of MetS, especially that of obesity. Body mass index (BMI), defined as total body mass divided by m2, has long been used as an index of obesity [9]. BMI should be viewed as a body mass index including lean and fat mass that is Victor Hng Hang Goh: Clarifying and Revealing the Gender Differences in the Relationships of Lean and Fat
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