Abstract
Major volatiles from young and mature leaves of different citrus types were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS. A total of 123 components were identified form nine citrus cultivars, including nine aldehydes, 19 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 27 oxygenated monoterpenes, 43 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, eight oxygenated sesquiterpenes, two ketones, six esters and nine miscellaneous. Young leaves produced higher amounts of volatiles than mature leaves in most cultivars. The percentage of aldehyde and monoterpene hydrocarbons increased, whilst oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes compounds decreased during leaf development. Linalool was the most abundant compound in young leaves, whereas limonene was the chief component in mature ones. Notably, linalool content decreased, while limonene increased, during leaf development in most cultivars. Leaf volatiles were also affected by genetic types. A most abundant volatile in one or several genotypes can be absent in another one(s), such as limonene in young leaves of lemon vs. Satsuma mandarin and β-terpinene in mature leaves of three genotypes vs. the other four. Compositional data was subjected to multivariate statistical analysis, and variations in leaf volatiles were identified and clustered into six groups. This research determining the relationship between production of major volatiles from different citrus varieties and leaf stages could be of use for industrial and culinary purposes.
Highlights
Terpenoids are probably the most widespread group of volatile secondary metabolites produced by plants [1]
In the present study, profiling of young and mature leaf volatiles of nine citrus cultivars from five types (Table 1) was investigated using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-solid phase microextraction (SPME))-GC-MS
We found linalool, which has already been reported as a major constituent from leaf volatiles of mandarin [21,30,45] and leaf oils of sour orange [41], to be a major compound in young leaves of most cultivars
Summary
Terpenoids are probably the most widespread group of volatile secondary metabolites produced by plants [1]. A small group of volatiles and their profiles are responsible for unique flavors for individual food [6] Different plants and their different tissues emit unique aromas, scents, flavors and fragrances, due to the presence of one or, in most cases, a mixture of several volatile compounds [7,8]. To our knowledge, there is only one study of citrus fresh leaf volatile profiling with SPME coupled with GC-MS [30], and this utilized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber, rather than a complex fiber mixture of divinylbenzene/carboxen/. By using HS-SPME coupled with GC-MS and application of a DVB/CAR/PDMS complex fiber mixture, volatile profiles of young and mature leaves of nine cultivars from five citrus types were characterized. Leaves of nine citrus cultivars, and differences among cultivars, as well as two developmental stages were observed
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