Abstract
Two previously unreported citrinin dimer derivatives, penicitol D (1) and 1-epi-citrinin H1 (2), were isolated from the culture of a deep sea-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum NLG-S01-P1, together with 11 biogenetic related compounds (3–13). A plausible biogenetic pathway for compounds 2–4 was proposed. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were established through analysis of extensive spectroscopic data and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) ECD calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 showed antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Compounds 5 and 10 displayed relatively stronger activities than the other compounds against Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio campbellii. Compound 1 showed the most potent cytotoxic activity towards the HeLa cell.
Highlights
Citrinins are a family of fungal mycotoxins characterized by colored crystals and conjugated bonds in their chemical structures
Citrinin was first isolated from a species of Penicillium citrinum and is produced by the Monascus and Aspergillus genera
Several studies have been carried out for the detoxification of citrinin which demonstrated that its decomposition coincided with a decrease in cytotoxicity in most cases
Summary
Citrinins are a family of fungal mycotoxins characterized by colored crystals and conjugated bonds in their chemical structures. Citrinin was first isolated from a species of Penicillium citrinum and is produced by the Monascus and Aspergillus genera. Biosynthetic studies of citrinins have been carried out using a variety of isotopic labeling strategies [1]. Citrinin is well known as a polyketide mycotoxin found in stored grains and grain-based products with different types of toxicity—including nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Several studies have been carried out for the detoxification of citrinin which demonstrated that its decomposition coincided with a decrease in cytotoxicity in most cases. Citrinin H1, as a dimeric product formed upon heating at 140 ◦ C in the presence of water, contributed to an increase in cytotoxicity [5]. There is increasing evidence that supports the existence of other biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and neuro-protective effects in vitro [6]
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