Abstract
We demonstrate a micromotor balloon imaging catheter for ultrahigh speed endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) which provides wide area, circumferential structural and angiographic imaging of the esophagus without contrast agents. Using a 1310 nm MEMS tunable wavelength swept VCSEL light source, the system has a 1.2 MHz A-scan rate and ~8.5 µm axial resolution in tissue. The micromotor balloon catheter enables circumferential imaging of the esophagus at 240 frames per second (fps) with a ~30 µm (FWHM) spot size. Volumetric imaging is achieved by proximal pullback of the micromotor assembly within the balloon at 1.5 mm/sec. Volumetric data consisting of 4200 circumferential images of 5,000 A-scans each over a 2.6 cm length, covering a ~13 cm(2) area is acquired in <18 seconds. A non-rigid image registration algorithm is used to suppress motion artifacts from non-uniform rotational distortion (NURD), cardiac motion or respiration. En face OCT images at various depths can be generated. OCT angiography (OCTA) is computed using intensity decorrelation between sequential pairs of circumferential scans and enables three-dimensional visualization of vasculature. Wide area volumetric OCT and OCTA imaging of the swine esophagus in vivo is demonstrated.
Highlights
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide real time, depth resolved imaging of tissue with micron scale resolution [1]
High resolution balloon optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging was achieved by correcting the astigmatism from the plastic sheath with a cylindrical aluminum reflector [8]
A high speed, wavelength swept light source based on a 1310 nm MEMS tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) was driven at 600 kHz to provide 1.2 MHz A-scan rate [20, 22]
Summary
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide real time, depth resolved imaging of tissue with micron scale resolution [1]. Using fiber optic scanning catheters, in vivo endoscopic OCT imaging of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract was demonstrated by several groups over a decade ago [2,3,4]. The fiber optic catheters in these studies were small enough to pass through the accessory port of an endoscope, imaging coverage was very limited. An OCT balloon imaging catheter was first proposed in 2000 [4] and subsequently demonstrated in living swine and human esophagus [5, 6]. An alternative double balloon sheath design was proposed to allow endoscopic OCT imaging of the esophageal mucosa either with or without direct balloon contact to the tissue [9]
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