Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) Detection via electrochemical Biosensing Tools

Abstract

Cancer is characterized by the presence of mutated alleles in DNA, leading to the formation of tumors. A delayed diagnosis of this condition can result in fatal outcomes, making it a significant global cause of mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in the year 2020, approximately 10 million deaths were attributed to cancer, accounting for roughly one-sixth of all recorded cases of mortality. WHO has emphasized that early detection could significantly increase the chances of successful treatment and recovery. Traditional cancer diagnosis relies on invasive tissue biopsies, which pose risks to both patients and healthcare professionals due to the use of formaldehyde, a known carcinogenic agent, for specimen preservation. In recent times, liquid biopsies have emerged as a promising alternative, particularly for the analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), a fraction of which originates from tumor cells and circulates in the bloodstream. However, conventional molecular genetic tests for ctDNA analysis are often costly and time-consuming. Advancements in technology and the field of nanoscience offer the potential to develop cost-effective, rapid, highly sensitive, and selective diagnostic tools. Among these, biosensors stand out as a promising option. In this article, we delve into the quantification of ctDNA in plasma, discuss amplification techniques for ctDNA, and explore the development of electrochemical-based biosensors tailored for ctDNA detection. Finally, we highlight recent studies and innovations in the field of ctDNA detection.