Circulating platelet‐derived extracellular vesicles are decreased after remote ischemic preconditioning in patients with coronary disease: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

BackgroundBrief nonharmful ischemia, remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been proposed to confer benefit to patients with coronary artery disease via unknown mechanisms. ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the effect of RIPC on circulating levels of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and global coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in patients with coronary disease. Patients/MethodsBlood samples were taken from 60 patients presenting for coronary angiography enrolled in a randomized, controlled trial before and after RIPC (3 × 5 min administration of 200 mmHg sphygmomanometer on the arm, n = 31) or sham (n = 29) treatment. Most patients (n = 48) had significant coronary artery disease and all were taking at least one antiplatelet agent. ResultsRemote ischemic preconditioning significantly decreased circulating levels of EVs expressing platelet markers CD41 and CD61 detected by flow cytometry in plasma, whereas no such effect was found on EVs expressing phosphatidylserine, CD62P, CD45, CD11b, CD144, CD31+/CD41–, or CD235a. RIPC had no effect on the overall hemostatic potential assay or circulating antigen levels of tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, or plasminogen. Sham treatment had no effect on any studied parameter. Statin use inhibited the effect of RIPC on CD61+ EVs, diabetes modified the effect of RIPC on CD45+ and CD11b+ EVs, and hypertension modified the effect of RIPC on CD235a+ EVs. ConclusionsRemote ischemic preconditioning decreased circulating levels of platelet‐derived EVs in patients with coronary disease taking conventional antiplatelet therapy. This may reflect increased EV clearance/uptake or change in production. Clinical variables may alter the effectiveness of RIPC.