Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide, partially due to late diagnosis of the disease. Growing evidence in the field of biomarker discovery has shown the promising use of nucleic acid in the early detection of many cancers, including HCC. Here, we review data on how various long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) could be used as a diagnostic tool for HCC being differentially expressed in HCC compared to non-HCC patients. These non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) showed high stability in the blood being present as free-circulating molecules or encapsulated into exosomes. This review reports some recent evidence on the use of lncRNAs and circRNAs as possible diagnostic biomarkers for HCC. Further, their pathophysiological mechanism in liver carcinogenesis was also described, elucidating the complex regulatory networks making these ncRNAs of particular relevance for the study of liver malignancy cancer.
Highlights
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide, partially due to late diagnosis of the disease
Even though active hepatitis C and B chronic infection continue to drive most of the global burden of HCC, the booming rising of the metabolic syndrome manifested to NAFLD/NASH is a major cause of liver disease that may lead to the development of HCC [3,4]
This review presents available information on long cfRNAs, in particular the long non-coding RNA and circular-RNA for early diagnosis of HCC
Summary
Liquid biopsy is a method where biomarkers in bodily fluid samples are used to determine the pathophysiological state of an individual It is commonly used for the diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and treatment choice of a disease. Cancer by-products, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free nucleic acids (cfDNA and cfRNA), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and tumor-derived metabolites, are common biomarkers used to detect the presence of malignancy. Both cfDNA and cfRNA are released into the circulation via various systems, including active secretion or means of the apoptosis, necrosis, and lysis of CTCs [15]. This review presents available information on long cfRNAs, in particular the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circular-RNA (circRNA) for early diagnosis of HCC
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