Circulating levels of GDF-15 for predicting cardiovascular and cancer morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes: Findings from Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study

Abstract

AimTo investigate the relationship between circulating growth differentiation factor (GDF-15) levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in people with diabetes. MethodsTotally, 510 participants with type 2 diabetes were enrolled from the long-term follow-up of the Da Qing Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Diabetes Study (2006–2009). Plasma GDF-15 levels were assessed. Outcomes of cardiovascular events, cancer, and related death were followed up until 2016. ResultsOver a 7.5-year follow-up period, 143 (28.0%) of the participants died, and 155 and 56 experienced cardiovascular events and cancer respectively. Multivariable Cox analysis showed that higher circulating GDF-15 levels were significantly associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular and cancer death. The HRs after adjustment of traditional confounders were 1.90 (95%CI 1.31–2.74) and 2.50 (95%CI 1.34–4.67) respectively for an increase in one unit of loge transformed GDF-15 (pg/ml). The cause-specific hazard model analysis further confirmed the results after adjusting the same confounders. In addition, the higher GDF-15 levels were also significantly associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular events (HR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.04–1.76) and cancer (HR=1.62, 95%CI 1.06–2.47). ConclusionsElevated circulating levels of GDF-15 predicted a significant increase in the dual risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes. Thus, it may be a potential predictor of these outcomes in people with diabetes.