Abstract
BackgroundLow carbohydrate diet (LCD) can improve inflammation and obesity and also circadian rhythm disorders can lead to increased inflammation in obese individuals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between adherence of LCD and circadian rhythm mediated by inflammatory markers including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Galectin-3 in overweight and obese women.Methods304 women affected by overweight and obesity were enrolled. We evaluated LCD scores by Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of 147 items. The morning-evening questionnaire (MEQ) was applied to evaluate the circadian rhythm. Biochemical parameters such as inflammatory markers and anthropometric components were assessed.ResultsThere was a negative significant correlation between adherence of LCD and circadian rhythm status. In other words, as the LCD scores increased, the odds of circadian rhythm disturbance in intermediate group and morning type persons decreased compared to evening type. It was showed that, IL-1β and Galectin-3 in intermediate and morning type groups, destroyed the significance of this relationship and may be considered as mediating markers.ConclusionAdherence of LCD can improve the circadian rhythm by reducing levels of inflammatory markers and may be considered as a treatment for obesity.
Highlights
Low carbohydrate diet (LCD) can improve inflammation and obesity and circadian rhythm disorders can lead to increased inflammation in obese individuals
To investigate the mediating role of these inflammatory markers, we included each of them as a confounding variable separately along with the other confounders in the final model which showed a significant relationship between LCD and circadian rhythm and we considered each one that eliminated significance as a mediating factor
By including each of these inflammatory markers as a confounding variable along with the other confounders in the final model, which showed a significant relationship between LCD and circadian rhythm, we observed that two inflammatory markers including; IL-1β (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.02 to 4.49, P = 0.67) and Galectin-3 (P = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.02 to 2.06, P = 0.18) in intermediate and in morning type ( IL-1β (OR = 0.36, 955 CI = 0.02 to 6.04, P = 0.49) and Galectin-3 (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.01 to 1.95, P = 0.4)), eliminated this significance so they can be considered as mediatory markers (Table 5)
Summary
Low carbohydrate diet (LCD) can improve inflammation and obesity and circadian rhythm disorders can lead to increased inflammation in obese individuals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between adherence of LCD and circadian rhythm mediated by inflammatory markers including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Galectin-3 in overweight and obese women. Obesity has been widespread in recent years throughout the world, especially in Asian countries [2]. This issue is associated with chronic and non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers
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