Abstract
The building sector consumes 40 % of resources globally, produces 40 % of global waste and 33 % of CO2 emissions. Creating a circular built environment is therefore of paramount importance to a sustainable society. The housing stock can be made more circular through circular retrofitting. However, strategies and solutions integrating circularity within housing retrofit are lacking.This paper focusses on developing a circular housing retrofit strategy and solution for Dutch housing constructed between 1970 and 1990. Through literature study, potential circular retrofit approaches are identified and translated into a general strategy. By developing a concrete retrofit solution, we illustrate how this general strategy can be applied in practice.It is found that in the Dutch context ‘all-in-one’ sustainable retrofits are difficult to realise. By applying modular (allowing component-by-component retrofit), ‘mass-customisable’, and ‘cyclable’ retrofit products, natural maintenance moments can be employed to gradually create a circular housing stock. As an example of such a product we describe the Circular Kitchen (CIK), which was developed together with industry. The CIK applies a plug-and-play design, separating components based on lifespan. The CIK supply-chain arranges ‘relooping’ of the CIK in a ‘return-street’ and ‘return-factory’. The CIK business model applies financial arrangements such as lease and ‘sale-with-deposit’, motivating the return and ‘re-looping’ of the CIK after use.In conclusion, the strategy presented in this paper has the potential to support circular housing retrofit in the Dutch context and for housing with similar characteristics. However, development of more circular retrofit products is necessary to create a fully circular housing stock over time.
Highlights
The building sector consumes 40 % of natural resources globally, produces 40 % of global waste and 33 % of emissions [1]
The analysis identified gaps in existing approaches and elements which could be applied in the development of a circular retrofit strategy for the Dutch context
Circular housing retrofit strategy: modular, mass-customisable and ‘cyclable’ retrofit products By combining and specifying elements of circular building approaches in synergy to the requirements identified in the introduction, we developed a circular retrofit strategy for the Dutch context
Summary
The building sector consumes 40 % of natural resources globally, produces 40 % of global waste and 33 % of emissions [1]. The Circular Economy (CE) proposes an alternative to the current linear economy by decoupling economic growth from resource consumption. The CE can be summarised in the following three principles [2]: (1) preserving and enhancing natural capital by controlling finite stocks and balancing renewable resource flows; (2) optimizing resource yields by circulating products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value at all times in both technical and biological loops and (3) fostering system effectiveness by revealing and designing out negative externalities. Due to its high impacts, the transition to a circular built environment is pivotal to achieve a resource ‘effective’ and sustainable society.
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