Abstract
The Flip-Flop Index, designed to quantify the extent to which a forecast changes from one issue time to the next, is extended to a Circular Flip-Flop Index for use with forecasts of wind direction, swell direction or similar. The index was devised so we could understand the degree of stability in wind direction forecasts. The Circular Flip Flop Index is independent of observations, has a relatively simple definition and does not penalise a sequence of forecasts that show a trend as long as the forecasts stay within a 180° sector. The Circular Flip-Flop Index is interpreted in terms of the impact of changing forecasts on decisions made by users of the forecast. The Circular Flip-Flop Index has been used to compare the stability of sequences of automated forecast guidance to the official Australian Bureau of Meteorology forecasts, which are prepared manually. It is the first objective assessment of the stability of forecasts of direction. The results show that the forecasts of wind direction from the automated forecast guidance, itself a consensus of many numerical weather models, are more stable than the official, manual forecasts. The Circular Flip-Flop Index does not measure skill but can play a complementary role in characterising and evaluating a forecasting system.
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