Abstract
The goal of this review was to seek a better understanding of the function and differential expression of circadian clock genes during the reproductive process. Through a discussion of how the circadian clock is involved in these steps, the identification of new clinical targets for sleep disorder-related diseases, such as reproductive failure, will be elucidated. Here, we focus on recent research findings regarding circadian clock regulation within the reproductive system, shedding new light on circadian rhythm-related problems in women. Discussions on the roles that circadian clock plays in these reproductive processes will help identify new clinical targets for such sleep disorder-related diseases.
Highlights
In mammals, the body’s clock is regulated through a series of various genes present in all organs such as Period genes (Per 1/2/3, Period Circadian Regulator1/2/3), Cryptochrome genes (Cry 1/2, Cryptochrome Circadian Regulator 1/2), Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (Clock) gene, and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (ARNTL, known as MOP3 or Bmal1) gene [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
SCN’s “circadian clock” genes can control behavior, feeding, and reproduction through neurotransmitters and hormones (Figure 1) [2,8]. These circadian clock genes drive the body’s circadian rhythm, and their disruption can lead to a host of issues such as cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis [3,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]
With the recent discovery that genes such as Clock, Bmal1, Per2, and Cry1 are present in the mammalian ovary, oviduct, uterus and placenta, observations have led to the hypothesis that disruption of the body’s natural clock has a negative effect on the embryo development and pregnancy [22,24]
Summary
The body’s clock is regulated through a series of various genes present in all organs such as Period genes (Per 1/2/3, Period Circadian Regulator1/2/3), Cryptochrome genes (Cry 1/2, Cryptochrome Circadian Regulator 1/2), Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (Clock) gene, and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (ARNTL, known as MOP3 or Bmal1) gene [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. SCN’s “circadian clock” genes can control behavior, feeding, and reproduction through neurotransmitters and hormones (Figure 1) [2,8] These circadian clock genes drive the body’s circadian rhythm, and their disruption can lead to a host of issues such as cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis [3,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Many aspects of reproductive biology are regulated by the circadian rhythm [29,30] This includes the estrus cycle, levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), ovulation, production and maturation of sperm, fertilization, insemination, and embryo implantation [23,31]. Sci. 2020, 21, 831 introduce circadian clock proteins and discuss their known, or hypothesized, roles in reproduction from recent research
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