Abstract
Drug modification with nanomaterials is a new trend in pharmaceutical studies and shows promising results, especially considering carbon-based solutions. Graphene and its derivatives have attracted much research interest for their potential applications in biomedical areas as drug modifiers. The following work is a comprehensive study regarding the toxicity of ciprofloxacin (CIP) modified by graphene oxide (GO). The influence on the morphology, viability, cell death pathway and proliferation of T24 and 786-0 cells was studied. The results show that ciprofloxacin modified with graphene oxide (CGO) shows the highest increase in cytotoxic potential, especially in the case of T24 cells. We discovered a clear connection between CIP modification with GO and the increase in its apoptotic potential. Our results show that drug modification with carbon-based nanomaterials might be a promising strategy to improve the qualities of existing drugs. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that cytotoxicity effects are highly dependent on dose and nanomaterial size. It is necessary to conduct further research to determine the optimal dose of GO for drug modification.
Highlights
According to a recently released report by the International Agency for Research on Cancer from the World Health Organization (WHO), the global cancer burden was estimated at 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018 [1]
The results proved that graphene oxide (GO) forms large, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
Results from 1000 μg/mL GO are not shown because the GO stock solution that we Results from 1000 μg/mL GO are not shown because the GO stock solution that started working with had too low of a concentration to prepare a 1000 μg/mL solution with our culture we started working with had too low of a concentration to prepare a 1000 μg/mL solution with our medium that would not falsely decrease the cell viability based on the original medium
Summary
According to a recently released report by the International Agency for Research on Cancer from the World Health Organization (WHO), the global cancer burden was estimated at 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018 [1]. Its success is often hampered by multidrug resistance (MDR) [4], active removal of drugs from the cells [5], and poor bioavailability and non-specific targeting [5]. For this reason, oncologists have called for fundamental studies and new upstream technological innovations to respond sustainably, efficiently, and safely to current and future patients’ needs [6]. Inspired by a released review in the Nature publishing platform [9] concerning the outstanding properties of graphene-based smart materials, we unquestionably decided to follow the current research trends and to employ graphene oxide (GO) as a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic index for ciprofloxacin (CIP) as an anticancer agent for genitourinary system treatment.
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