Abstract
With recent insight into the development of dietary supplements and functional foods, search of effective phytochemical compounds and their mechanisms involved in prevention and management of diabetes and its complications are now being assessed. Cinnamic acid and its derivatives occur naturally in high levels of plant-based foods. Among various biological activities, cinnamic acid and its derivatives are associated with a beneficial influence on diabetes and its complications. The aim of the review is to summarize the potential mechanisms of these compounds for prevention and management of diabetes and its complications. Based on several in vitro studies and animal models, cinnamic acid and its derivatives act on different mechanism of actions, including stimulation of insulin secretion, improvement of pancreatic β-cell functionality, inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, enhanced glucose uptake, increased insulin signaling pathway, delay of carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption, and inhibition of protein glycation and insulin fibrillation. However, due to the limited intestinal absorption being a result of low bioavailability of cinnamic acid and its derivatives, current improvement efforts with entrapping into solid and liquid particles are highlighted. Further human clinical studies are needed to clarify the effects of cinnamic acid and its derivatives in diabetic patients.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia dyslipidemia, and protein metabolism due to insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, and β-cell dysfunction
The present review aims to summarize recent literatures linking the effect of cinnamic acid and its derivatives on prevention and management of diabetes and its complications and to describe the multiple mechanisms of action, which were based on evidence from laboratory experiments and animal models
Adipogenesis is a multi-step process that requires a cascade of transcription factors including the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) gene family and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) that contribute to the development of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes
Summary
Type 2 diabetes is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia dyslipidemia, and protein metabolism due to insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, and β-cell dysfunction. Cinnamic acid and its derivatives are the major group of phenolic acids with ubiquitous distribution in fruits and vegetables Recent data support their beneficial effects, including antioxidant [8], anti-inflammatory [9], and anti-cancer activities [10]. Anti-diabetic mechanisms underlying how cinnamic acid and its derivatives lower blood glucose levels have been continuously studied. The present review aims to summarize recent literatures linking the effect of cinnamic acid and its derivatives on prevention and management of diabetes and its complications and to describe the multiple mechanisms of action, which were based on evidence from laboratory experiments and animal models
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