Abstract
Cilia are extensions of the apical membranes. The cilium itself is characterized by a 9 + 2 axonemal structure. An active, coordinated ciliary beating is essential for mucociliary transport. Ciliary beating depends on the ATPase activity in the dynein arms and is characterized by a specific beating pattern. In healthy persons, 95 % of the cilia are ultrastructurally completely normal. Ciliary abnormalities can be the results of external factors (secondary ciliary dyskinesia) or inherited (primary ciliary dyskinesia). Ciliary function and structure are organized at different levels from the individual cilia, over interciliary and intercellular interaction, to the macroscopic level of the ciliated tapestry and mucociliary transport.
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