Abstract

mental β -carotene were at an increased risk of tobacco-related cancers (RR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.16 to 3.97) in comparison with ever-smoking women consuming low levels of β -carotene (from foods only). In contrast, never-smoking women taking β -carotene supplements were at a lower risk of tobacco-related cancers (RR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.18 to 1.07) than were never-smoking women consuming low levels of β -carotene (from foods only). Although quite provocative, these results are subject to certain limitations. Below we discuss some of the limitations in this new study and then discuss the totality of the evidence sug gesting that tobacco smoking modifi es the chemopreventive

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