Abstract
This study aimed to examine the exercise-induced heart rate response (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in subjects caused by inhaling smoke from tobacco cigarettes (TC) and aerosolized vapor from electronic nicotine dispensing systems (ENDS) (commonly referred to as e-cigarettes (EC)). A randomized crossover study recruited 24 young adult male smokers with an average age of 23 years and with a smoking habit of at least two years. Heart rate response was recorded after a maximal multistage shuttle 20 m run test (MMST) under three different levels of nicotine: Control 0 mg nicotine of EC (C), 3 mg nicotine of EC (3EC), and 3 mg nicotine of TC (3TC). HRV was evaluated based on the beat-to-beat time interval during the running test. The results showed no statistically significant differences in the run time to exhaustion under the three conditions (C: 398 ± 151 s; 3EC: 399 ± 160 s; 3TC: 381 ± 150 s). Exercise-induced HRR was significantly attenuated under the TC condition (p < 0.05). Intriguingly, the HRV standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) during exercise significantly increased under 3EC and 3TC. The results showed that a significant acute autonomic cardiac modulation during exercise is induced by an acute episode of EC and TC smoking.
Highlights
Over 1.1 million people smoke tobacco cigarettes (TC) and this number is still increasing [1]
This study aims to investigate the acute effects of different methods of smoking EC and TC, and different dosages of nicotine (0 mg of EC; 3 mg nicotine of EC and TC), on physiological responses and exercise performance
The study found no significant differences between smoking without nicotine (C) and with nicotine (3EC and 3 mg nicotine of TC (3TC)) on predicted VO2max and time to exhaustion in healthy young adult male smokers
Summary
Over 1.1 million people smoke tobacco cigarettes (TC) and this number is still increasing [1]. The high rate of health complications related to cigarette smoking is increasing, with more than one out of ten cases of cardiovascular deaths (54% of all deaths) being caused by smoking cigarettes [2]. Cardiovascular death caused by smoking accounts for 28% and 13% of deaths in males and females between 35–69 years old, respectively [3]. Smokers tend to have a higher resting heart rate (HR) compared to non-smokers, before and after a maximum Bruce treadmill test (298 healthy men and women aged between 20–29 years old). Heart rate during recovery was lower in both genders for smokers compared to non-smokers [4,5]. Acute exposure of waterpipe tobacco smoking caused a decrease in lung function and exercise capacity in healthy young male smokers between 18–26 years old [6]
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