Cigarette Smoking and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review

Abstract

To evaluate the epidemiologic evidence for a causal association between tobacco smoking and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Systematic review, including quality assessment, of published analytical epidemiologic studies and evaluation of the evidence using established causality criteria (strength, consistency, temporality, dose response, reversibility, and biologic plausibility). Eleven papers describing 9 case-control studies, 1 prospective cohort study, and a paper describing a pooled analysis based on 2 prospective cohort studies were included in the review. The methodologic quality of most included studies was poor. The strongest studies methodologically were the cohort studies on which the pooled analysis was based. Neither the prospective cohort study (rate ratio not reported) nor the pooled analysis of 2 prospective cohort studies (adjusted rate ratio 0.9) found an association between smoking and POAG. There was a significant positive association between smoking and POAG in only 2 of the case-control studies (adjusted odds ratio 2.9 and 10.8). There was no evidence of a dose-response relationship with smoking or of reversibility of effect in the studies where this was assessed. This systematic review provided little evidence for a causal association between smoking and development of POAG. Given the limited evidence from high quality studies, and the possibility that flaws in many of the studies reviewed biased the results toward the null, further high quality research to confirm our conclusions is needed. However, it remains important to warn ophthalmic patients of the dangers of smoking and provide cessation support owing to the clear evidence of links between smoking and other ocular and systemic diseases.