Abstract
Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that cigarette smoking can cause the onset of metabolic syndrome prior to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking habit and metabolic syndrome components in an adult population from Maracaibo city, Venezuela. Methods: The Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. In this sub-study, 2212 adults from both genders were selected. On the basis of their medical background, they were classified as smokers, non-smokers and former smokers. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to Harmonizing 2009 criteria, using population-specific abdominal circumference cut-off points. The association between risk factors was evaluated using a logistic regression model. Results: In the studied population, 14.8% were smokers, 15.4% were former smokers. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of metabolic syndrome (smokers: OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11–2.14; p=0.010) and its components were related to cigarette smoking, with the exception of hyperglycemia. High blood pressure was inversely associated with current smoking status (smokers: OR, 0.70 (0.51–0.95); p=0.025). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking represents an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome, being associated with low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, increased abdominal circumference and elevated triacylglyceride levels. Former smokers did not present a greater risk for developing this metabolic disease when compared to non-smokers. The effect of avoiding this habit should be evaluated in future studies in our population.
Highlights
Smoking is one the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the working-age population; it is responsible for approximately 7.2 million deaths per year[1]
Venezuela is a country with one of the highest prevalence (33.9%)[5], with a frequency of 14.8% in Maracaibo City in recent studies[6]. These percentages are important because smoking habit is a major modifiable risk factor for developing non-communicable diseases[2], including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2)[7]
A growing body of evidence suggests that before the onset of these two diseases, cigarette smoking favors the appearance of metabolic syndrome (MS)[8,9] high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, obesity and high blood glucose[10,11,12,13,14]
Summary
Smoking is one the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the working-age population; it is responsible for approximately 7.2 million deaths per year[1]. Venezuela is a country with one of the highest prevalence (33.9%)[5], with a frequency of 14.8% in Maracaibo City in recent studies[6] These percentages are important because smoking habit is a major modifiable risk factor for developing non-communicable diseases[2], including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2)[7]. A growing body of evidence suggests that before the onset of these two diseases, cigarette smoking favors the appearance of metabolic syndrome (MS)[8,9] high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, obesity and high blood glucose[10,11,12,13,14] Main contributors for this association include the presence of dyslipidemia and central obesity[15]. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking represents an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome, being associated with low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, increased abdominal circumference
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