Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the changes in the characteristics of titanium surface and the osteoblast-titanium interactions under cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure. In this study, CSE was used to simulate the oral liquid environment around the implant under cigarette smoke exposure. Titanium samples were immersed in CSE to explore the changes in the characteristics of titanium surface. The physical properties of titanium surface were measured, including surface micromorphology, surface elemental composition, roughness, and surface hydrophilicity. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the titanium surface in vitro under different concentrations of CSE exposure, and cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were observed. The surface micromorphology and elemental composition of titanium surface changed under CSE exposure. No obvious changes were found in the surface roughness and the hydrophilicity of titanium samples. Moreover, the results of in vitro study showed that CSE exposure downregulated the cell spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on the titanium surface. It could be speculated that some carbon-containing compounds from CSE adsorbed on the titanium surface and the osteoblast-titanium interactions were influenced under CSE exposure. It is hoped that these results could provide valuable information for further studies on smoking-mediated inhibition of implants osseointegration.
Highlights
We investigated effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure on the titanium surface characteristics and the osteoblasttitanium interactions
The surface micromorphology and elemental composition of titanium surface changed under CSE exposure
The analysis of surface characteristics showed that some carbon-containing compounds adsorbed on the titanium surface
Summary
Smoking is related to several systemic diseases [3,4,5]. It has been regarded as a major risk factor that triggers the development of oral diseases [6]. Smoking is considered as one of the major risk factors for the failure of dental implants [7,8,9,10]. Clinical studies revealed that smoking could affect initial implant survival rates and early osseointegration [11,12,13,14]. The components of cigarette smoke have been identified, the mechanism of its effect on the osseointegration between bone and dental implant is still unclear
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