Abstract
BackgroundSmokers are more prone to oral infections than are non-smokers. Cigarette smoke reaches the host cells but also microorganisms present in the oral cavity. The contact between cigarette smoke and oral bacteria promotes such oral diseases as periodontitis. Cigarette smoke can also modulate C. albicans activities that promote oral candidiasis. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke condensate on C. albicans adhesion, growth, and biofilm formation as well as the activation of EAP1, HWP1 and secreted aspartic protease 2.ResultsCigarette smoke condensate (CSC) increased C. albicans adhesion and growth, as well as biofilm formation. These features may be supported by the activation of certain important genes. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we demonstrated that CSC-exposed C. albicans expressed high levels of EAP1, HWP1 and SAP2 mRNA and that this gene expression increased with increasing concentrations of CSC.ConclusionCSC induction of C. albicans adhesion, growth, and biofilm formation may explain the increased persistence of this pathogen in smokers. These findings may also be relevant to other biofilm-induced oral diseases.
Highlights
Smokers are more prone to oral infections than are non-smokers
Cigarette smoke condensate promoted C albicans adhesion and growth C. albicans attachment to the surface of glass slides for 1, 3, and 6 h was measured by means of crystal violet staining
This result indicates that Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) can increase C. albicans adhesion and that this effect can lead to significant C. albicans growth
Summary
Smokers are more prone to oral infections than are non-smokers. Cigarette smoke reaches the host cells and microorganisms present in the oral cavity. One of the most commonly encountered opportunistic microorganisms in humans is Candida albicans, a ubiquitous fungus that is a part of the normal microbial flora found on mucosal surfaces such as those of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina in human beings and domestic animals [1] This yeast is the most common cause of mucosal and invasive fungal infections observed in humans [2]. During the development of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), Candida adheres to and invades the tissue The adhesion of this yeast to host tissue is the initial phase of a potential infection that enables microorganisms to survive inside the host and eventually colonize host tissues during the onset of candidiasis [6,7].
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