Abstract
BackgroundWe, and others, have shown that experimenting with cigarettes is a function of both non-genetic and genetic factors. In this analysis we ask: how much of the total risk of experimenting with cigarettes, among those who had not experimented with cigarettes when they enrolled in a prospective cohort, is attributable to genetic factors and to non-genetic factors?MethodsParticipants (N = 1,118 Mexican origin youth), recruited from a large population-based cohort study in Houston, Texas, provided prospective data on cigarette experimentation over three years. Non-genetic data were elicited twice – baseline and follow-up. Participants were genotyped for 672 functional and tagging variants in the dopamine, serotonin and opioid pathways.ResultsIn the overall model, the adjusted combined non-genetic PAF was 71.2% and the adjusted combined genetic PAF was 58.5%. Among committed never smokers the adjusted combined non-genetic PAF was 67.0% and the adjusted combined genetic PAF was 53.5%. However, among cognitively susceptible youth, the adjusted combined non-genetic PAF was 52.0% and the adjusted combined genetic PAF was 68.4%.ConclusionsOur results suggest there may be differences in genotypes between youth who think they will try cigarettes in the future compared to their peers who think they will not and underscore the possibility that the relative influence of genetic vs. non-genetic factors on the uptake of smoking may vary between these two groups of youth.ImpactA clearer understanding of the relative role of genetic vs. non-genetic factors in the uptake of smoking may have implications for the design of prevention programs.
Highlights
Experimenting with cigarettes is a function of both non-genetic and genetic factors [1,2]
Using a prospective cohort study design, we have reported that cognitive susceptibility to smoking predicts future experimentation with cigarettes and modifies the relationship between established nongenetic risk factors associated with experimenting with cigarettes and experimenting with cigarettes [3]
We summarize the distribution of the non-genetic and genetic risk factors by experimenter status reported in the original study [2] and present the adjusted attributable fractions and 95% confidence intervals in tables 2 and 3
Summary
Experimenting with cigarettes is a function of both non-genetic and genetic factors [1,2]. Using a prospective cohort study design, we have reported that cognitive susceptibility to smoking predicts future experimentation with cigarettes and modifies the relationship between established nongenetic risk factors associated with experimenting with cigarettes (such as positive outcome expectations, living with a smoker and risk taking tendencies) and experimenting with cigarettes [3]. We found six SNPs – three in the dopamine pathway (rs12422191 on DRD2, rs10052016 on SLC6A3, and rs8119844 on SNAP25), two in the serotonin pathway (rs6297 on HTR1B and rs9567732 on HTR2A), and an opioid receptor variant (rs9322451 on OPMR1) – were significantly associated with experimenting with cigarettes [2]. Others, have shown that experimenting with cigarettes is a function of both non-genetic and genetic factors. In this analysis we ask: how much of the total risk of experimenting with cigarettes, among those who had not experimented with cigarettes when they enrolled in a prospective cohort, is attributable to genetic factors and to nongenetic factors?
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